Lung cancer, also known as lung carcinoma, is a malignant lung tumor characterized by uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth can spread beyond the lung by the process of metastasis into nearby tissue or other parts of the body. Most cancers that start in the lung, known as primary lung cancers, are carcinomas. The two main types are small-cell lung carcinoma (SCLC) and non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC). The most common symptoms are coughing (including coughing up blood), weight loss, shortness of breath, and chest pains.

The vast majority (85%) of cases of lung cancer are due to long-term tobacco smoking. About 10–15% of cases occur in people who have never smoked. These cases are often caused by a combination of genetic factors and exposure to radon gas, asbestos, second-hand smoke, or other forms of air pollution. Lung cancer may be seen on chest radiographs and computed tomography (CT) scans. The diagnosis is confirmed by biopsy which is usually performed by bronchoscopy or CT-guidance.

Avoidance of risk factors, including smoking and air pollution, is the primary method of prevention. Treatment and long-term outcomes depend on the type of cancer, the stage (degree of spread), and the person's overall health. Most cases are not curable. Common treatments include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. NSCLC is sometimes treated with surgery, whereas SCLC usually responds better to chemotherapy and radiotherapy.

Signs and Symptoms:

Signs and symptoms which may suggest lung cancer include:

• Respiratory symptoms: coughing, coughing up blood, wheezing, or shortness of breath
• Systemic symptoms: weight loss, weakness, fever, or clubbing of the fingernails
• Symptoms due to the cancer mass pressing on adjacent structures: chest pain, bone pain, superior vena cava obstruction, or difficulty swallowing

If the cancer grows in the airways, it may obstruct airflow, causing breathing difficulties. The obstruction can also lead to accumulation of secretions behind the blockage, and increase the risk of pneumonia.

Causes:Cancer develops after genetic damage to DNA and epigenetic changes. Those changes affect the cell's normal functions, including cell proliferation, programmed cell death (apoptosis), and DNA repair. As more damage accumulates, the risk for cancer increases.

• Some metals (aluminium production, cadmium and cadmium compounds, chromium(VI) compounds, beryllium and beryllium compounds, iron and steel founding, nickel compounds, arsenic and inorganic arsenic compounds, and underground hematite mining)
• Some products of combustion (incomplete combustion, coal (indoor emissions from household coal burning), coal gasification, coal-tar pitch, coke production, soot, and diesel engine exhaust)
• Ionizing radiation (X-ray and gamma)

• Some toxic gases (methyl ether (technical grade), and bis-(chloromethyl) ether, sulfur mustard, MOPP (vincristine-prednisone-nitrogen mustard-procarbazine mixture) and fumes from painting)

Journal of Cancer Diagnosis is an open access peer-reviewed journal dealing with articles on different aspects of Physical exam, Laboratory tests, Imaging tests, Biopsy, Breast Cancer Diagnosis, Mammogram and breast ultrasound, Biopsy, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), Tumour biomarkers, Lung Cancer Diagnosis, Imaging tests, Sputum cytology, Tissue biopsy, Ovarian Cancer Diagnosis, Imaging tests, Blood test, Surgery, Tumour markers, tide specific antigen (TPS), Neuron specific enolase (NSE), Carcino Embryonic antigen (CEA), Liver Cancer Diagnosis, etc.

Our Journal follows Editorial Tracking System for quality in peer review process. Editorial Tracking is an online manuscript submission, review and tracking systems used by most of the best open access journals.

Submit manuscripts at: https://www.scholarscentral.org/submissions/cancer-diagnosis.html

Media Person

Nancy Ella
Journal Manager
Journal of Cancer Diagnosis

Email: cancerdiagn@emedsci.com