Tooth loss is very a very common problem. Therefore, the use of dental implants is also a common practice. Although research on dental implant de­signs, materials and techniques has increased in the past few years and is expected to expand in the future, there is still a lot of work involved in the use of better biomaterials, implant design, surface modification and functionalization of surfaces to improve the long-term outcomes of the treatment. Tooth loss is very common and it can happen as a result of disease and trauma; therefore, the use of dental implants to provide support for replacement of missing teeth has a long and multifaceted history. Statistics provided by the American Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons show that 69% of adults ages 35 to 44 have lost at least one permanent tooth to an accident, gum disease, a failed root canal or tooth decay. Furthermore, by age 74, 26% of adults have lost all of their permanent teeth. Therefore, the use of dental implants reveals that about 100,000-300,000 dental implants are placed per year, which approximates the numbers of artificial hip and knee joints placed per year. There are four main types of dental implant de­signs that have been developed and used in clinical dentistry, including a sub-periosteal form, blade form, ramus frame, and endosseous form. However, the large scope of this review will focus on endosseous implants which are the most used in dentistry today. Endosseous dental implants are typically screw-shaped, inserted into either the maxilla or mandible, and serve to replace the tooth root. Typically, dental implants are made out of grade 4 commercially pure Ti because it is corrosion resistant and stronger than other grades. However, Ti alloys, mainly Ti6Al4V, are also used since it is stronger and more fatigue resistant that pure Ti18. In bulk form, endosseous im­plants largely differ by the overall shape of the implant (e.g., tapered versus cylindrical) and macro-topography. Several parameters in the design of endosseous implants affect sur­vival rates of implants, including: body shape, size, chemical surface composition, and topographical features among other factors.

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Sarah eve

Editorial Assistant

Journal of Oral Hygiene and Health